The plan was accepted by Palestine's Jewish leadership but rejected by Arab leaders. The Jewish leadership in Palestine declared the establishment of the State of Israel on 14 May , the moment the British mandate terminated, though without announcing its borders.
The following day Israel was invaded by five Arab armies, marking the start of Israel's War of Independence. The fighting ended in with a series of ceasefires, producing armistice lines along Israel's frontiers with neighbouring states, and creating the boundaries of what became known as the Gaza Strip occupied by Egypt and East Jerusalem and the West Bank occupied by Jordan.
The surrounding Arab states refused to recognise Israel, meaning its borders remained unset. The biggest change to Israel's frontiers came in , when the conflict known as the Six Day War left Israel in occupation of the Sinai peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East Jerusalem and most of the Syrian Golan Heights - effectively tripling the size of territory under Israel's control.
Israel effectively annexed East Jerusalem - claiming the whole of the city as its capital - and the Golan Heights. These moves were not recognised by the international community, until the US changed its official position on the matter under the Trump administration, becoming the first major power to do so.
Overwhelmingly, international opinion continues to consider East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights as occupied territory. One of Israel's land borders was formalised for the first time in , when Egypt became the first Arab country to recognise the Jewish state.
Under the treaty, Israel's border with Egypt was set and Israel withdrew all its forces and settlers from the Sinai, a process which was completed in That left Israel in occupation of the Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, with its frontiers excluding that of Egypt still delineated by the armistice lines.
As a matter of fact, it was with the help of the Senate and the Roman legions that Herod the Great became king of Judea. This decision led to the last major revolt by the Jews against Rome, also known as the Bar Kohba Revolt which took place between and Following this revolt, the Emperor definitively banished the Jewish population from the city. Following the conversion of Emperor Constantine in the s, Aelia Capitolina was officially pronounced a Christian city as part of the Roman Empire, and it retained this status under the Byzantine Empire.
Jerusalem is integrated into the Islamic Empire th century Ten years after the death of the Prophet Mohammed in , the Arabs had conquered the entire Fertile Crescent and Egypt. The city of Jerusalem was conquered sometime between and Unlike previous military conquests that marked its history, this time Jerusalem did not suffer from serious destruction or significant changes in population. Jerusalem under the Franks On 15 July , the army of the First Crusade broke through the North Wall of Jerusalem and captured the city.
A large proportion of the population was massacred, some even on the roof of the Al-Aqsa Mosque; the survivors were sent into slavery. Many of the Crusaders returned home, having carried out their vow to free the holy city. By the end of , only a few hundred people, all foreigners, were still living in Jerusalem. Jerusalem, an Islamic city 13thth centuries There had been few reactions to the fall of Jerusalem to the Crusaders in However, eight decades later, the Muslim armies were mobilised to retake the city and, in , Saladin conquered Jerusalem and banished all the Franks.
The return of Jerusalem to Islamic Law led at last to the return of Jews, now reauthorized to live in the city. Jerusalem under the Ottoman Empire After two and a half centuries of Mamluk rule, Jerusalem changed hands and became part of the Ottoman Empire in The transfer from Mamluk to Ottoman sovereignty was relatively peaceful, as evidenced by the harmonious improvements made to the Temple Mount, known as Haram Al-Sharif.
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