IQ tests have been around for more than a century. They were originally created in France to help identify students who needed extra help in school. The U. Leaders in the armed forces knew that letting unqualified people into battle could be dangerous. So they used the tests to help find qualified candidates. The military continues to do that today.
IQ tests have many different purposes, notes Joel Schneider. He is a psychologist at Illinois State University in Normal. Some IQ tests have been designed to assess children at specific ages. Some are for adults.
And some have been designed for people with particular disabilities. But any of these tests will tend to work well only for people who share a similar cultural or social upbringing. Knowledge-based questions test what a person knows about the world. What is abstract art? What does it mean to default on a loan? What is the difference between weather and climate? These types of questions test whether someone knows about things that are valued in their culture, Schneider explains. Such knowledge-based questions measure what scientists call crystallized intelligence.
Some deal with memory. For example, test-takers might have to figure out what a shape would look like if it were rotated. Aki Nikolaidis is a neuroscientist, someone who studies structures in the brain. He works at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. In a study published earlier this year, he and his team studied 71 adults. They did this using a brain scan called magnetic resonance spectroscopy , or MRS.
It uses magnets to hunt for particular molecules of interest in the brain. As brain cells work, they gobble up glucose, a simple sugar, and spit out the leftovers. MRS scans let researchers spy those leftovers. People who scored higher on fluid intelligence tended to have more glucose leftovers in certain parts of their brains. These areas are on the left side of the brain and toward the front. All are key aspects of problem solving.
That, he adds, could help scientists develop better ways to boost fluid intelligence. One reason: IQ tests favor people who can think on the spot. As a boy, he needed extra time to process the words he heard.
That slowed his learning. His school put him into special education classes, where he stayed until high school. Eventually, an observant teacher suggested he might do well in regular classes. He made the switch and, with hard work, indeed did well. Two of the most well-known IQ tests are 'Stanford-Binet' and 'Cattell' explained in more detail below.
Sir Francis Galton was the first scientist who attempted to devise a modern test of intelligence in In his open laboratory, people could have the acuity of their vision and hearing measured, as well as their reaction times to different stimuli.
It soon turned out, however, that such tasks cannot predict academic achievement; therefore, they are probably imperfect measures of anything we would call intelligence. The first modern-day IQ test was created by Alfred Binet in Unlike Galton, he was not inspired by scientific inquiry. Rather, he had very practical implications in mind: to be able to identify children who cannot keep up with their peers in the educational system that had recently been made compulsory for all.
Besides test items, Binet also needed an external criterion of validity, which he found in age. Indeed, even though there is substantial variation in the pace of development, older children are by and large more cognitively advanced than younger ones. Binet, therefore, identified the mean age at which children, on average, were capable of solving each item, and categorized items accordingly.
Subsequently, a more accurate approach was proposed by William Stern, who suggested that instead of subtracting real age from the age estimated from test performance, the latter termed 'mental age' should be divided by the former. It indeed turned out that such a calculation was more in line with other estimates of mental performance. Though, you can — and should — continue to learn throughout your life.
The keys to learning tend to involve curiosity and being receptive to new information. With those qualities, you can enhance your ability to:. Reading , both fiction and nonfiction, is one way to boost your abilities in these areas. Mental stimulation can help slow or prevent cognitive decline as you age.
In addition to reading, activities such as puzzles, playing music, and group discussions can be useful.
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